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供應鏈升(sheng)級的核心(xin)是(shi)數據化管理,通(tong)過數據化管理從而達到供應鏈系(xi)統的高(gao)效(xiao)運作(zuo)。
供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)最早來源于彼(bi)得·德魯克提出的(de)“經(jing)濟鏈(lian)”,后經(jing)由邁克爾·波特發展成(cheng)為“價值鏈(lian)”,最終(zhong)演變(bian)為“供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)”。其定義為:圍繞核(he)心企(qi)業,通過對信息(xi)流(liu)、物流(liu)、資金流(liu)的(de)控制,從采購原材料制成(cheng)中(zhong)間(jian)產(chan)品及(ji)最終(zhong)產(chan)品,最后由銷售(shou)網絡(luo)把(ba)產(chan)品送到消費(fei)者手中(zhong)。它是將供(gong)(gong)應(ying)商(shang)、制造商(shang)、分銷商(shang)、零售(shou)商(shang),直到最終(zhong)用戶連成(cheng)一個整(zheng)體的(de)功(gong)能(neng)網鏈(lian)模式。
所以,一條完整(zheng)的供(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)應(ying)包括(kuo)供(gong)應(ying)商(shang)(原材(cai)料(liao)供(gong)應(ying)商(shang)或零配(pei)件供(gong)應(ying)商(shang))、制(zhi)造(zao)商(shang)(加工廠或裝配(pei)廠),分(fen)銷商(shang)(代理商(shang)或批發商(shang))、零售(shou)商(shang)(賣場(chang)、百貨商(shang)店、超市、專(zhuan)賣店、便利(li)店和雜(za)貨店)以及(ji)消費(fei)者。
中(zhong)小型企業(ye)實(shi)施供應鏈管理效果不(bu)佳的原因主要有以下兩點:
一(yi)是(shi)在市(shi)場(chang)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)中(zhong),企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)經營(ying)者沒有打破交易雙(shuang)方(fang)利(li)(li)益對立(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳統觀(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian),停留(liu)在企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)是(shi)以競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)對手消(xiao)失(shi)為(wei)目標的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)對抗性(xing)極強的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),同(tong)時沒有從根本上認識到企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)與企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)已轉變為(wei)供應鏈與供應鏈間的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)。為(wei)了更快地促(cu)進企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)前進步伐,就(jiu)需要重新審視競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),改變競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)和方(fang)式,尋求走向雙(shuang)贏的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)模式。這(zhe)就(jiu)是(shi)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)模式,它是(shi)一(yi)種高層次(ci)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)境(jing)界和新的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)觀(guan)(guan)念(nian)(nian)。企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)經營(ying)者必須走出(chu)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)就(jiu)是(shi)“你死我活”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)誤區,樹立(li)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)是(shi)“為(wei)了最大限(xian)度地利(li)(li)用(yong)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)資(zi)(zi)源,提(ti)高企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)力,實(shi)現(xian)利(li)(li)潤最大化(hua),促(cu)進企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)發展(zhan)(zhan)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)正確認識。因此(ci)在現(xian)代(dai)市(shi)場(chang)中(zhong),企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)不能僅僅依靠自己的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)資(zi)(zi)源來參(can)與市(shi)場(chang)競(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)(zheng),而要通過與供應鏈參(can)與企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)進行跨部門、跨職(zhi)能和跨企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo),建立(li)共同(tong)利(li)(li)益的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)伙伴關系(xi),實(shi)現(xian)資(zi)(zi)源互補、信息共享,發展(zhan)(zhan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)之間穩定的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、良好的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、共存(cun)共榮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)互助合(he)(he)作(zuo)(zuo)關系(xi),建立(li)一(yi)種雙(shuang)贏關系(xi)。
二是部(bu)(bu)分企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)已(yi)經實(shi)(shi)施了供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統,但沒(mei)有帶來預(yu)期的績效(xiao)。這是因為(wei)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)對(dui)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統的理(li)(li)(li)(li)解與(yu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用停(ting)留在傳統的信(xin)息管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統層面上(shang),沒(mei)有貫徹供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)的基本思想(xiang),即實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)核心競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)力的整合(he)(he)(he)(he),具體包括:通過內部(bu)(bu)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)內部(bu)(bu)“子核心競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)力”的整合(he)(he)(he)(he),通過外部(bu)(bu)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)上(shang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)核心競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)力的整合(he)(he)(he)(he)。而這些企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)僅(jin)僅(jin)對(dui)內部(bu)(bu)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)進行管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li),并沒(mei)有實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)上(shang)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)之(zhi)(zhi)間(jian)(jian)核心競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)力的整合(he)(he)(he)(he)。企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)實(shi)(shi)施供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li),不(bu)僅(jin)要實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)信(xin)息管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)系(xi)統,對(dui)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)內部(bu)(bu)資源的管(guan)(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)整合(he)(he)(he)(he),更重要的是要提供(gong)(gong)一(yi)個(ge)數據(ju)共享、數據(ju)互(hu)交的平臺,從而實(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)(xian)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)間(jian)(jian)一(yi)種新(xin)的規則、一(yi)種新(xin)的制度(du),使企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)間(jian)(jian)資源得(de)到最優配置,將企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)自身(shen)和外部(bu)(bu)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)商(shang)、客戶連接在一(yi)起,形成(cheng)一(yi)個(ge)完(wan)整的集(ji)成(cheng)化系(xi)統,形成(cheng)高度(du)競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)力。
供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)升級的(de)(de)核心(xin)是(shi)數(shu)據(ju)化(hua)(hua)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li),通(tong)過(guo)(guo)數(shu)據(ju)化(hua)(hua)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)從(cong)而達到供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)系統(tong)的(de)(de)高(gao)效(xiao)運作(zuo)。所謂的(de)(de)“高(gao)效(xiao)”就(jiu)是(shi)成本(ben)低(di)、效(xiao)率高(gao)、利潤高(gao)。簡單地來說,就(jiu)是(shi)“敏(min)捷”。企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)運營(ying)在(zai)面對新業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)種類和模式轉換(huan)時(shi),需要(yao)通(tong)過(guo)(guo)敏(min)捷、快速的(de)(de)響應(ying)機制優(you)化(hua)(hua)流程(cheng),實時(shi)應(ying)對并靈(ling)活調整業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)務(wu)流程(cheng),實現整個供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)高(gao)效(xiao)運行。企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)經營(ying)者必須(xu)要(yao)樹立合(he)作(zuo)競(jing)爭的(de)(de)觀念(nian),與(yu)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)建立雙(shuang)贏的(de)(de)合(he)作(zuo)關系,更要(yao)選擇適合(he)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)自身的(de)(de)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)方案,正確認識供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)系統(tong),利用供(gong)(gong)應(ying)鏈(lian)(lian)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)將(jiang)鏈(lian)(lian)中(zhong)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)(ye)(ye)高(gao)度整合(he),提高(gao)核心(xin)競(jing)爭力(li)。
在信息(xi)化的(de)今天(tian),供(gong)應鏈升級(ji)對(dui)很(hen)多企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)來(lai)(lai)說都迫在眉(mei)睫。供(gong)應鏈就像(xiang)整個(ge)企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)“財富管(guan)道(dao)”,在整個(ge)的(de)供(gong)應鏈中如果稍有滲(shen)漏,就會有很(hen)多財富每天(tian)都在源(yuan)源(yuan)不斷地流失。在企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)進入微利時代的(de)今天(tian),很(hen)多企(qi)(qi)(qi)業(ye)的(de)轉型升級(ji)也主(zhu)要是(shi)通過供(gong)應鏈升級(ji)來(lai)(lai)達到成(cheng)本控(kong)制或尋找新的(de)利潤增(zeng)長點的(de)目的(de)。
即(ji)便是(shi)像蘋果這樣的高科技公(gong)司(si)(si),其造(zao)就(jiu)“蘋果神話”的真正核心就(jiu)在(zai)于供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)。蘋果的高利潤率(lv),一方(fang)面(mian)來(lai)源于其設(she)計研(yan)發的領先和(he)強(qiang)大的營銷(xiao)模式,另一方(fang)面(mian)也來(lai)自于對產(chan)品細(xi)節上的無縫(feng)把控(kong)。蘋果對產(chan)品細(xi)節上的無縫(feng)把控(kong)做(zuo)到了極致(zhi),僅舉兩例,富士康只(zhi)是(shi)蘋果的一家組裝工廠(chang),但是(shi)蘋果公(gong)司(si)(si)派駐了近(jin)2000名工程(cheng)(cheng)師對產(chan)品進行全面(mian)把控(kong)。一部iPhone手(shou)機包含約500個元(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)(jian),由上游(you)200余家供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)商(shang)提供(gong)(gong)。蘋果公(gong)司(si)(si)完(wan)全控(kong)制手(shou)機生產(chan)的每一個環節,并(bing)且要了解每一個元(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)(jian)的來(lai)源、研(yan)發、生產(chan)、測試的過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)。蘋果公(gong)司(si)(si)的此(ci)舉已經滲透到手(shou)機上游(you)所(suo)有元(yuan)器(qi)件(jian)(jian)的開(kai)發、生產(chan)和(he)制造(zao)的過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中。由此(ci)可見,供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)升(sheng)級(ji)是(shi)系(xi)統化工程(cheng)(cheng),但供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)升(sheng)級(ji)無極限,企業(ye)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)(ying)鏈(lian)的升(sheng)級(ji)成功就(jiu)像是(shi)攀上了財(cai)富的梯子。
適合(he)中(zhong)小企(qi)業實施供應(ying)(ying)鏈管理(li)(li)的方(fang)案大致有兩種,核(he)心型(xing)(xing)供應(ying)(ying)鏈和基(ji)于ASP模式的供應(ying)(ying)鏈。供應(ying)(ying)鏈的管理(li)(li)理(li)(li)念,重視圍繞核(he)心企(qi)業建立(li)網鏈關系,供應(ying)(ying)鏈作為(wei)一個利益集合(he)體(ti),強調企(qi)業間的戰略合(he)作關系。對(dui)于供銷(xiao)關系相對(dui)穩定(ding)的企(qi)業聯盟(meng),可(ke)以(yi)采取核(he)心型(xing)(xing)供應(ying)(ying)鏈模式。而對(dui)于直接(jie)面對(dui)客戶消費的批發零(ling)售型(xing)(xing)企(qi)業,由于需(xu)求(qiu)的不確(que)定(ding)性(xing)大大增(zeng)加,企(qi)業面對(dui)的是(shi)一個變化(hua)迅速且無法預測的買方(fang)市場(chang),所以(yi),此類企(qi)業的合(he)作伙伴是(shi)根據需(xu)求(qiu)的變化(hua)而變化(hua)的,故為(wei)了滿足組建供應(ying)(ying)鏈的靈活性(xing),可(ke)以(yi)采取ASP模式的供應(ying)(ying)鏈。
在企業(ye)的(de)(de)戰(zhan)略轉型(xing)升(sheng)級(ji)(ji)中,除(chu)了整(zheng)的(de)(de)產品鏈(包括品牌、客戶、營銷(xiao)、產品、研發、生(sheng)產和供應鏈)要(yao)進(jin)行(xing)戰(zhan)略轉型(xing)升(sheng)級(ji)(ji)之外,企業(ye)的(de)(de)商業(ye)模式(shi)、管(guan)理模式(shi)、團(tuan)隊和企業(ye)文化都要(yao)進(jin)行(xing)相應的(de)(de)戰(zhan)略轉型(xing)升(sheng)級(ji)(ji)。這四(si)大(da)升(sheng)級(ji)(ji)較前面所講的(de)(de)七大(da)升(sheng)級(ji)(ji)更為重要(yao),并且(qie)貫(guan)穿企業(ye)發展的(de)(de)始終(zhong)。
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